Perfil de competencia del cirujano general en Venezuela. Estudio delphi / Competency profile of the surgeon. general in Venezuela. Delphi Study

Construir el Perfil del Cirujano General en Venezuela. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, constructivista, con aplicación del método Delphi para la construcción del consenso. Fases: revisión de la literatura, redacción de propuestas, rondas itinerantes de consulta a expertos, adecuación del modelo según la interacción con participantes.Resultados : Población: 30 expertos miembros del Consejo Nacional de la Sociedad Venezolana de Cirugía y profesores de Postgrado de Cirugía General. Aprobación de 100% de las competencias de segundo nivel en la segunda ronda itinerante. En relación a las habilidades prácticas se obtuvo aprobación en 98,2% de las propuestas. El número de años de formación de postgrado y el número de intervenciones al momento del egreso, propuesta por los participantes, no obtuvo consenso. La fiabilidad del instrumento mediante el Alpha Cronbach fue de 0,98.Conclusiones : El Perfil de Competencia Profesional del Cirujano General en Venezuela fue creado por consenso describiendo la necesidad de un Cirujano General quien de respuestas éticas, inclusivas, con sentido de responsabilidad humana y social, capacidad de autoevaluación y cumplimiento de normativas internacionales adaptadas a la realidad local y ajustadas al medio de trabajo. De igual manera, se identificaron las habilidades prácticas que deben ser dominadas por el egresado para dar respuesta a la asistencia médica institucional. Consideramos que este perfil de competencia debe servir de referente para el diseño de los nuevos currículos por competencia profesional de nuestros postgrados a nivel nacional que permitan la formación del especialista que atienda y responda a la necesidades de nuestra población(AU)

Build the Profile of the General Surgeon in Venezuela. Method: Quantitative, constructivist study, with application of the Delphi method for prospective consensus. Phases: review of the literature, writing of proposals, itinerant consultation rounds with experts, adaptation of the model according to the interaction with participants. Results: Population: 30 expert members of the National Council of the Venezuelan Society of Surgery and Postgraduate professors of General Surgery. 100% of the level II competitions were approved in the first and second rounds. In relation to practical skills, approval was obtained in 98.2% of the proposals. In relation to the number of years of postgraduate training and the number of interventions at the time of graduation, proposed by the participants, no consensus was obtained. The reliability of the instrument using the Alpha Cronbach was 0.98.Conclusions : The Professional Competence Profile of the General Surgeon in Venezuela was created by consensus describing the need for a Surgeon General who, with ethical, inclusive responses, with a sense of human and social responsibility, self-assessment capacity and compliance with international regulations adapted to the local reality, and adjusted to the work environment. Similarly, the practical skills that must be mastered by the graduate to respond to institutional medical care were identified. We believe that this profile of competence should serve as a reference for the design of the new curricula for professional competence of our postgraduate courses at the national level that allow the training of the specialist who attends and responds to the needs of our population(AU)

Outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation for drug-induced sleep ciné magnetic resonance imaging studies in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea patients.

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine is utilized as a sedative agent for drug-induced sleep cine magnetic resonance imaging studies due to its ability to mimic natural sleep and lack of respiratory depressant effects. The outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation such as respiratory complications and unplanned admissions in obstructive sleep apnea patients undergoing these studies are currently unknown. AIM: To describe the outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation for outpatient drug-induced sleep magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review conducted in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing outpatient drug-induced sleep ciné magnetic resonance imaging studies with dexmedetomidine sedation. Demographics, comorbidities, polysomnography study results, vital signs, respiratory complications, airway interventions, successful completion of the scan, and unplanned hospital admissions were measured. MAIN RESULTS: We analyzed 337 patients aged 2-18 years (median age of 11 years). The imaging was completed with dexmedetomidine as the sole sedative agent in 61% (N = 207) patients. Ketamine was administered as additional sedative agent in 36% (N = 122) of the patients. There was no difference in sedation-related adverse events and respiratory complications with regard to the severity of sleep apnea with the exception of mild desaturation episodes (SpO2 85%-90%). Patients who received additional sedative agents had significantly longer recovery room stay (71.5 [44] vs 55 [39] minutes; 95% CI of difference [9 to 23 min], p < 0.001) and total periprocedural stay (164.5 [52] vs 138 [64] minutes; 95% CI of difference [17 to 35 min], p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine alone or along with ketamine provided acceptable sedation in majority of the patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing outpatient diagnostic sleep magnetic resonance imaging studies without significant respiratory adverse events regardless of the severity of sleep apnea. Sedation failure and unplanned admissions are rare, and routine planned admission may not be required for this patient population.

Enhanced Recovery after Surgery: Benefits for the Fetal Surgery Patient.

BACKGROUND: The fetoscopic approach to the prenatal closure of a neural tube defect (NTD) may offer similar advantages to the newborn compared to prenatal open closure of a NTD, with a reduction in maternal risks. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been applied to different surgical procedures with documented advantages. We modified the perioperative care of patients undergoing in utero repair of myelomeningocele with the goal of enhancing the recovery. A retrospective study comparing traditional management to the ERAS protocol was conducted. AIMS: Primary aim was to evaluate the length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included pain scores, time to oral intake, opioid-induced side effects, and respiratory complications. METHODS: Thirty patients who underwent a mid-gestation fetoscopic closure of a NTD were included. Data analyzed include demographics, comorbidities, LOS, anatomical location of the NTD, magnesium sulfate doses and duration of administration, oxygen requirements, duration of the postoperative epidural infusion, duration of surgery and anesthesia, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory complications, time to oral intake, pain scores, and sedation scores. Differences between the treatment groups were compared using the independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney Ʋ test. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients, 10 patients were managed according to the ERAS protocol and 20 patients according to the traditional management (1:2 ratio). The mean gestational age at the time of intervention for the traditional and ERAS groups was 24.9 ± 0.5 weeks and 24.8 ± 0.5 weeks, respectively. Compared to the traditional group, the LOS was reduced in the ERAS group to 112.5 ± 12.6 h (4.7 ± 0.5 days) from 179.7 ± 87.9 h (7.5 ± 3.7 days) (p = 0.012). The time to oral intake was also shorter 502.6 ± 473.4 min versus 1015.6 ± 698.2 min; p = 0.049. Oxygen requirements were prolonged in the traditional group (1843.7 ± 1262.6 min vs. 1051.7 ± 1078.1 min p = 0.052). The total duration of magnesium sulfate was longer for patients in the traditional group (2125.6 ± 727.1 min vs. 1429.5 ± 553.8 min; p = 0.006). No statistically significant difference in pain scores was observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing an ERAS protocol for fetoscopic in utero repair of NTDs approach is feasible with the advantages of decreased postoperative LOS, reduced oxygen requirements, lower duration of magnesium sulfate infusion, and facilitation of earlier oral intake without compromising the pain scores.

Comparison of Postoperative Respiratory Monitoring by Acoustic and Transthoracic Impedance Technologies in Pediatric Patients at Risk of Respiratory Depression.

BACKGROUND: In children, postoperative respiratory rate (RR) monitoring by transthoracic impedance (TI), capnography, and manual counting has limitations. The rainbow acoustic monitor (RAM) measures continuous RR noninvasively by a different methodology. Our primary aim was to compare the degree of agreement and accuracy of RR measurements as determined by RAM and TI to that of manual counting. Secondary aims include tolerance and analysis of alarm events. METHODS: Sixty-two children (2-16 years old) were admitted after tonsillectomy or receiving postoperative patient/parental-controlled analgesia. RR was measured at regular intervals by RAM, TI, and manual count. Each TI or RAM alarm resulted in a clinical evaluation to categorize as a true or false alarm. To assess accuracy and degree of agreement of RR measured by RAM or TI compared with manual counting, a Bland-Altman analysis was utilized showing the average difference and the limits of agreement. Sensitivity and specificity of RR alarms by TI and RAM are presented. RESULTS: Fifty-eight posttonsillectomy children and 4 patient/parental-controlled analgesia users aged 6.5 ± 3.4 years and weighting 35.3 ± 22.7 kg (body mass index percentile 76.6 ± 30.8) were included. The average monitoring time per patient was 15.9 ± 4.8 hours. RAM was tolerated 87% of the total monitoring time. The manual RR count was significantly different from TI (P = .007) with an average difference ± SD of 1.39 ± 10.6 but were not significantly different from RAM (P = .81) with an average difference ± SD of 0.17 ± 6.8. The proportion of time when RR measurements differed by ≥4 breaths was 22% by TI and was 11% by RAM. Overall, 276 alarms were detected (mean alarms/patient = 4.5). The mean number of alarms per patient were 1.58 ± 2.49 and 2.87 ± 4.32 for RAM and TI, respectively. The mean number of false alarms was 0.18 ± 0.71 for RAM and 1.00 ± 2.78 for TI. The RAM was found to have 46.6% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.64), 95.9% specificity (95% CI, 0.90-1.00), 88.9% positive predictive value (95% CI, 0.73-1.00), and 72.1% negative predictive value (95% CI, 0.61-0.84), whereas the TI monitor had 68.5% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.53-0.84), 72.0% specificity (95% CI, 0.60-0.84), 59.0% positive (95% CI, 0.44-0.74), and 79.5% negative predictive value (95% CI, 0.69-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: In children at risk of postoperative respiratory depression, RR assessment by RAM was not different to manual counting. RAM was well tolerated, had a lower incidence of false alarms, and had better specificity and positive predictive value than TI. Rigorous evaluation of the negative predictive value is essential to determine the role of postoperative respiratory monitoring with RAM.

Cardio-Metabolic Health Venezuelan Study (EVESCAM): Design and Implementation / Estudio Venezolano de Salud Cardio-Metabólica (EVESCAM): Diseño e Implementación

The EVESCAM (EstudioVenezolano de Salud Cardio-Metabólica) is the first national, population survey in Venezuela, designed to examine the prevalence of diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors and its relationship with lifestyle. It is a cross-sectional, cluster sampling study, which recruited 4454 participants aged ≥ 20 years. The data were collected in community health-care centers by trained health professionals and medical students. The data collected from each subject included, after informed consent, structured questionnaires (clinical, demographic, physical activity, nutritional and psychological), anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference), body fat by bioelectrical impedance, hand grip, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and biochemical measurements (standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides). The data will be used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemias, sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome; and to examine their relationships with lifestyle factors. The risk of coronary heart disease and impaired glucose regulation will be estimated using the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score and the Latin America adaptation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (LA-FINDRISC), respectively. These results will guide national cardiovascular and diabetes prevention strategies, and will be available for government agencies to help in the implementation of public health policies.

El EVESCAM (Estudio Venezolano de Salud Cardio-Metabólica) es el primer estudio poblacional de muestreo nacional en Venezuela diseñado para examinar la prevalencia de diabetes y factores de riesgo cardio-metabólico, y su relación con el estilo de vida. Se trata de un estudio transversal de muestreo por conglomerados, reclutando 4454 participantes de 20 años o más. Los datos fueron recogidos en centros de salud de la comunidad por profesionales de salud y estudiantes de medicina entrenados. Después del consentimiento infor mado, los datos recolectados en cada sujeto incluyeron: cuestionarios estructurados (clínico, demográfico, actividad física, nutricional y psicológico), medidas antropométricas (peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura), grasa corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica, fuerza de aprehensión de la mano, presión arterial, electrocardiograma y medidas bioquímicas (prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa oral estándar con 75 g de glucosa, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL y triglicéridos). Los datos se utilizarán para estimar la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, prediabetes, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemias, sarcopenia y síndrome metabólico; y para examinar sus relaciones con factores de estilo de vida. El riesgo de cardiopatía coronaria y de alteración de la regulación de la glucosa se calculará utilizando la puntuación de riesgo de la enfermedad coronaria de Framingham y la adaptación para Latinoamérica de la puntuación finlandesa del riesgo de diabetes (LA-FINDRISC), respectivamente. Estos resultados guiarán las estrategias nacionales de prevención cardiovascular y diabetes, y estarán disponibles para que las agencias gubernamentales ayuden en la implementación de las políticas de salud pública.

Cardio-Metabolic Health Venezuelan Study (EVESCAM): Design and Implementation.

The EVESCAM (EstudioVenezolano de Salud Cardio-Metabólica) is the first national, population survey in Venezuela, designed to examine the prevalence of diabetes and cardio-metabolic risk factors and its relationship with lifestyle. It is a cross-sectional, cluster sampling study, which recruited 4454 participants aged ≥ 20 years. The data were collected in community health-care centers by trained health professionals and medical students. The data collected from each subject included, after informed consent, structured questionnaires (clinical, demographic, physical activity, nutritional and psychological), anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference), body fat by bioelectrical impedance, hand grip, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and biochemical measurements (standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides). The data will be used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemias, sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome; and to examine their relationships with lifestyle factors. The risk of coronary heart disease and impaired glucose regulation will be estimated using the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score and the Latin America adaptation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (LA-FINDRISC), respectively. These results will guide national cardiovascular and diabetes prevention strategies, and will be available for government agencies to help in the implementation of public health policies.

Upper airway morphology in Down Syndrome patients under dexmedetomidine sedation / Morfologia das vias aéreas superiores em pacientes com síndrome de Down sob sedação com dexmedetomidina

Abstract Background and objectives: Children with Down Syndrome are vulnerable to significant upper airway obstruction due to relative macroglossia and dynamic airway collapse. The objective of this study was to compare the upper airway dimensions of children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea with normal airway under dexmedetomidine sedation. Methods: IRB approval was obtained. In this retrospective study, clinically indicated dynamic sagittal midline magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were obtained under low (1 mcg/kg/h) and high (3 mcg/kg/h) dose dexmedetomidine. Airway anteroposterior diameters and sectional areas were measured as minimum and maximum dimensions by two independent observers at soft palate (nasopharyngeal airway) and at base of the tongue (retroglossal airway). Results and conclusions: Minimum anteroposterior diameter and minimum sectional area at nasopharynx and retroglossal airway were significantly reduced in Down Syndrome compared to normal airway at both low and high dose dexmedetomidine. However, there were no significant differences between low and high dose dexmedetomidine in both Down Syndrome and normal airway. The mean apnea hypopnea index in Down Syndrome was 16 ± 11. Under dexmedetomidine sedation, children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea when compared to normal airway children show significant reductions in airway dimensions most pronounced at the narrowest points in the nasopharyngeal and retroglossal airways.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: As crianças com síndrome de Down (SD) são vulneráveis à obstrução significativa das vias aéreas superiores devido à macroglossia relativa e ao colapso dinâmico das vias aéreas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as dimensões das vias aéreas superiores de crianças com SD e apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) com vias aéreas normais (VAN) sob sedação com dexmedetomidina (DEX). Métodos: Aprovação IRB foi obtida. Neste estudo retrospectivo, imagens clinicamente indicadas de ressonância magnética da dinâmica das vias aéreas superiores em plano sagital na linha média foram obtidas sob dose baixa (1 mcg/kg/h) e dose alta (3 mcg/kg/h) de DEX. Os diâmetros anteroposteriores das vias aéreas e as áreas seccionais foram medidas como dimensões mínimas e máximas por dois observadores independentes, no palato mole (região nasofaríngea) e na base da língua (região retroglossal). Resultados e conclusões: O diâmetro mínimo anteroposterior e a área seccional mínima das regiões nasofaríngea e retroglossal estavam significativamente reduzidos na SD em comparação com VAN, tanto com a dose baixa quanto com a dose alta de DEX. Contudo, não houve diferenças significativas entre as doses baixa e alta de DEX em SD e VAN. A média do índice de apneia e hipopneia na SD foi de 16 ± 11. Sob sedação com DEX, as crianças com SD e AOS, quando comparadas com as crianças com VAN, apresentaram reduções significativas nas dimensões das vias aéreas, mais pronunciadas nos pontos mais estreitos das regiões nasofaríngea e retroglossal.

Upper airway morphology in Down Syndrome patients under dexmedetomidine sedation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with Down Syndrome are vulnerable to significant upper airway obstruction due to relative macroglossia and dynamic airway collapse. The objective of this study was to compare the upper airway dimensions of children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea with normal airway under dexmedetomidine sedation. METHODS: IRB approval was obtained. In this retrospective study, clinically indicated dynamic sagittal midline magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were obtained under low (1mcg/kg/h) and high (3mcg/kg/h) dose dexmedetomidine. Airway anteroposterior diameters and sectional areas were measured as minimum and maximum dimensions by two independent observers at soft palate (nasopharyngeal airway) and at base of the tongue (retroglossal airway). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Minimum anteroposterior diameter and minimum sectional area at nasopharynx and retroglossal airway were significantly reduced in Down Syndrome compared to normal airway at both low and high dose dexmedetomidine. However, there were no significant differences between low and high dose dexmedetomidine in both Down Syndrome and normal airway. The mean apnea hypopnea index in Down Syndrome was 16±11. Under dexmedetomidine sedation, children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea when compared to normal airway children show significant reductions in airway dimensions most pronounced at the narrowest points in the nasopharyngeal and retroglossal airways.

[Upper airway morphology in Down Syndrome patients under dexmedetomidine sedation]. / Morfologia das vias aéreas superiores em pacientes com síndrome de Down sob sedação com dexmedetomidina.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Children with Down Syndrome are vulnerable to significant upper airway obstruction due to relative macroglossia and dynamic airway collapse. The objective of this study was to compare the upper airway dimensions of children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea with normal airway under dexmedetomidine sedation. METHODS: IRB approval was obtained. In this retrospective study, clinically indicated dynamic sagittal midline magnetic resonance images of the upper airway were obtained under low (1mcg/kg/h) and high (3mcg/kg/h) dose dexmedetomidine. Airway anteroposterior diameters and sectional areas were measured as minimum and maximum dimensions by two independent observers at soft palate (nasopharyngeal airway) and at base of the tongue (retroglossal airway). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Minimum anteroposterior diameter and minimum sectional area at nasopharynx and retroglossal airway were significantly reduced in Down Syndrome compared to normal airway at both low and high dose dexmedetomidine. However, there were no significant differences between low and high dose dexmedetomidine in both Down Syndrome and normal airway. The mean apnea hypopnea index in Down Syndrome was 16±11. Under dexmedetomidine sedation, children with Down Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea when compared to normal airway children show significant reductions in airway dimensions most pronounced at the narrowest points in the nasopharyngeal and retroglossal airways.

Comparison of different anesthesia techniques during esophagogastroduedenoscopy in children: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastroduedenoscopy (EGD) in children is usually performed under general anesthesia. Anesthetic goals include minimization of airway complications while maximizing operating room (OR) efficiency. Currently, there is no consensus on which anesthetic technique best meets these goals. We performed a prospective randomized study comparing three different anesthetic techniques. AIMS: To evaluate the incidence of respiratory complications (primary aim) and institutional efficiency (secondary aim) among three different anesthetic techniques in children undergoing EGD. METHODS: Subjects received a standardized inhalation induction of anesthesia followed by randomization to one of the three groups: Group intubated, sevoflurane (IS), Group intubated, propofol (IP), and Group native airway, nonintubated, propofol (NA). Respiratory complications included minor desaturation (SpO2 between 94% and 85%), severe desaturation (SpO2 < 85%), apnea, airway obstruction/laryngospasm, aspiration, and/or inadequate anesthesia during the endoscopy. Evaluation of institutional efficiency was determined by examining the time spent during the different phases of care (anesthesia preparation, procedure, OR stay, recovery, and total perioperative care). RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-nine children aged 1-12 years (median 7 years; 4.0, 10.0) were enrolled (Group IS N = 60, Group IP N = 59, Group NA N = 61). The incidence of respiratory complications was higher in the Group NA (0.459) vs Group IS (0.033) or Group IP (0.086) (P < 0.0001). The most commonly observed complications were desaturation, inadequate anesthesia, and apnea. There were no differences in institutional efficiency among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Respiratory complications were more common in Group NA. The use of native airway with propofol maintenance during EGD does not offer advantages with respect to respiratory complications or institutional efficiency.

To Pretreat or Not to Pretreat: Prophylactic Anticholinergic Administration Before Dexmedetomidine in Pediatric Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine (Dex) appears to be very effective as a sole sedative for pediatric imaging when used at high doses, but at an increased risk of transient hypertension, hypotension, and bradycardia. There are no clinical evidence/guidelines to guide anesthesia providers as to whether patients should be pretreated with an anticholinergic. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the changes in hemodynamic parameters after Dex sedation attributed to receiving or not receiving an anticholinergic pretreatment and compare for any differences or similarities. A subgroups analysis was performed in children with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS: In this retrospective descriptive study, we reviewed the records of 163 children receiving Dex anesthesia during MRI studies. Data analyzed included demographics, history of DS, and hemodynamics (heart rate [HR], systolic blood pressure [SBP], and diastolic blood pressure [DBP]) following Dex loading and infusion and the administration of an anticholinergic (atropine or glycopyrrolate). RESULTS: The mean age was 94.5 months, and 52 (32%) patients had DS. The generalized linear mixed-effects regression model showed a significant reduction in HR and SBP in all patients when no anticholinergic was administered compared with when it was administered. There was no significant change with DBP. During the scan period, the HR of the no-anticholinergic group decreased 26.6%, whereas that of the anticholinergic group decreased by only 16.7% from baseline (P < 0.01). The maximal SBP increased by a significantly greater percentage, compared with baseline, in the anticholinergic group in comparison with the no-anticholinergic group (20.2% vs 10.4%, respectively; P = 0.02). In the DS group, the difference in the maximal SBP change during the scan period was exaggerated, with a percentage increase that was 36 times larger in the anticholinergic group compared with the no-anticholinergic group (22% vs 0.6%, respectively; P< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a prophylactic anticholinergic with Dex shows no advantage other than a transient clinically insignificant increase in HR and SBP, and it may precipitate transient exaggerated SBP in more patients compared with not using a prophylactic anticholinergic.

Estudio venezolano de salud cardiometabólica (EVESCAM): descripción general y muestreo / Venezuelan cardiometabolic health study (EVESCAM): overview and sampling

El Estudio Venezolano de Salud Cardio-Metabólica (EVESCAM) es el primer estudio multicéntrico sobre la Salud cardiometabólica del venezolano. Evaluar la prevalencia de diabetes y Factores de Riesgo Cardio-Metabólico (FRCM), y su relación con el estilo de vida en Venezuela. Es un estudio poblacional, transversal, con muestreo por conglomerados, cuyo objetivo es evaluar a 4200 participantes ≥ 20 años de las 8 regiones de Venezuela. Los datos serán recolectados en centros asistenciales por profesionales de la salud y estudiantes de medicina previamente capacitados y certificados. Después de obtener el consentimiento informado, en cada participante se realizarán: a. Cuestionarios estructurados para obtener datos clínicos, demográficos, de actividad física, nutricionales, psicológicos y estratos sociales; b. examen físico (peso, talla, grasa corporal por bioimpedancia, circunferencia de la cintura, fuerza de aprehensión de la mano, presión arterial y electrocardiograma) y c. Pruebas bioquímicas (Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa -PTGO- estándar 75 g, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol y triglicéridos). Además se calculará el riesgo de enfermedad cardíaca coronaria (por puntaje de Framingham) y la regulación de la glucosa alterada (por puntaje FINDRISC modificado). Se estimará la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, prediabetes, diabetes, hipertensión, dislipidemias, sarcopenia, síndrome metabólico y su relación con los factores de estilo de vida (nutrición, actividad física, estrés psicosocial, uso de tabaco y alcohol). En esta primera parte se explica la metodología y la aplicación del muestreo a la Ciudad de Barquisimeto.

This is the first cardiometabolic multicentric study of the Venezuelan people cardiometabolic health. To evaluate the relationship of the prevalence of diabetes and risk factors with Venezuelan lifestyle. This is a population, transverse, with conglomerates of 4200 of 20 or more years-old in 8 areas of Venezuela. Data were colected in different health centers by physicians and medical students, who had been enabled for this. After obtaining consented inform, to each participant the following was applied: 1) structured questionaires for clinical data, demography, physical activity, nutrition, psicological traits and social status. 2. complete physical examination, including EKG). 3. Glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, Framingham score and FINDRISK modified score. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, prediabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome and their relationship with lifestyle factors. This is the first parte in the city of Barquisimeto.

Trending and accuracy of noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring in pediatric perioperative patients.

BACKGROUND: Rainbow Pulse CO-Oximetry technology (Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA) provides continuous and noninvasive measurement of arterial hemoglobin concentration (SpHb). We assessed the trending and accuracy of SpHb by this innovative monitoring compared with Hb concentration obtained with conventional laboratory techniques (Hb) in children undergoing surgical procedures with potential for substantial blood loss. METHODS: Hb concentrations were recorded from Pulse CO-Oximetry and a conventional hematology analyzer. Regression analysis and 4-quadrant plot were used to evaluate the trending for changes in SpHb and Hb measurements (ΔSpHb and ΔHb). Bias, precision, and limits of agreement of SpHb and of in vivo adjusted SpHb (SpHb - first bias to HB) compared with Hb were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-eight SpHb-Hb data pairs and 105 delta pairs (ΔSpHb and ΔHb) from 46 patients aged 2 months to 17 years with Hb ranging from 16.7 to 7.9 g/dL were collected. To evaluate trending, the delta pairs (ΔSpHb and ΔHb) were plotted, which revealed a positive correlation (ΔSpHb = 0.022 + 0.76ΔHb) with correlation coefficient r = 0.76, 95% CI [confidence interval] = 0.57-0.86. The bias and precision of SpHb to Hb and in vivo adjusted SpHb were 0.4 ± 1.3 g/dL and 0.1 ± 1.2 g/dL, respectively; the limits of agreement were -2.0 to 3.2 g/dL before in vivo adjustment and -2.4 to 2.2 g/dL after in vivo adjustment (P value = 0.04). The mean percent bias (from the reference Hb concentration) decreased from 4.1% ± 11.9% to 0.7% ± 11.3% (P value = 0.01). No drift in bias over time was observed during the study procedure. Of patient demographic and physiological factors tested for correlation with the SpHb, only perfusion index at sensor site showed a weak correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of SpHb in children with normal Hb and mild anemia is similar to that previously reported in adults and is independent of patient demographic and physiological states except for a weak correlation with perfusion index. The trending of SpHb and Hb in children with normal Hb and mild anemia showed a positive correlation. Further studies are necessary in children with moderate and severe anemia.

Accuracy of acoustic respiration rate monitoring in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Rainbow acoustic monitoring (RRa) utilizes acoustic technology to continuously and noninvasively determine respiratory rate from an adhesive sensor located on the neck. OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate the accuracy of RRa, by comparing it to capnography, impedance pneumography, and to a reference method of counting breaths in postsurgical children. METHODS: Continuous respiration rate data were recorded from RRa and capnography. In a subset of patients, intermittent respiration rate from thoracic impedance pneumography was also recorded. The reference method, counted respiratory rate by the retrospective analysis of the RRa, and capnographic waveforms while listening to recorded breath sounds were used to compare respiration rate of both capnography and RRa. Bias, precision, and limits of agreement of RRa compared with capnography and RRa and capnography compared with the reference method were calculated. Tolerance and reliability to the acoustic sensor and nasal cannula were also assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-nine of 40 patients (97.5%) demonstrated good tolerance of the acoustic sensor, whereas 25 of 40 patients (62.5%) demonstrated good tolerance of the nasal cannula. Intermittent thoracic impedance produced erroneous respiratory rates (>50 b·min(-1) from the other methods) on 47% of occasions. The bias ± SD and limits of agreement were -0.30 ± 3.5 b·min(-1) and -7.3 to 6.6 b·min(-1) for RRa compared with capnography; -0.1 ± 2.5 b·min(-1) and -5.0 to 5.0 b·min(-1) for RRa compared with the reference method; and 0.2 ± 3.4 b·min(-1) and -6.8 to 6.7 b·min(-1) for capnography compared with the reference method. CONCLUSIONS: When compared to nasal capnography, RRa showed good agreement and similar accuracy and precision but was better tolerated in postsurgical pediatric patients.

Cerebral vasoconstriction triggered by sympathomimetic drugs during intra-atrerial chemotherapy.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a rare cause of headache and stroke in the pediatric population. Reversible vasoconstriction is reported in a 19-month-old girl with retinoblastoma who underwent selective ophthalmic artery infusion chemotherapy with melphalan. Procedure-related cerebral vasoconstriction was specifically triggered during coadministration of adjunctive medications, which included mydriatic eye drops containing phenylephrine, intranasal oxymetazoline, nebulized albuterol, intravenous hydrocortisone, and intravenous diphenhydramine. The course of cerebral vasospasm, which began with a severe hypertensive surge and resolved spontaneously within hours of blood pressure normalization, was documented by angiography in real time. Subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of perfusion abnormality, cerebral infarction, or cerebral hemorrhage, and the patient was discharged home without any neurologic sequelae. In this report, we highlight the potential risk of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction in children administered vasoactive drugs and discuss its relevance during treatment of retinoblastoma by intraarterial chemotherapy.